Urban or Rural Primary Sampling Unit
1 = Urban
2 = Rural

Province or region
700 = Eastern Cape
701 = Free State
702 = Gauteng
703 = KwaZulu-Natal
704 = Limpopo
705 = Mpumalanga
706 = North West
707 = Northern Cape
708 = Western Cape

EA-SVC-A. Electricity grid in the PSU/EA
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
9 = Can't determine

EA-ROAD-A. Road surface at start point
-1 = Missing
1 = Earth
2 = Gravel
3 = Stone
4 = Muram
5 = Paved/ Tarred
6 = Concrete
7 = None of above

EA-ROAD-C. Road condition last 5 km
-1 = Missing
1 = Impassable
2 = Very poor
3 = Poor
4 = Fair
5 = Good
6 = Very good

Reason for Unsuccessful Call Household 1
-1 = Missing
1 = Refused to be interviewed
2 = Person selected was never at home after at least two visits
3 = Household/Premises empty for the survey period after at least two visits
4 = Not a citizen/Spoke only a foreign language
5 = Deaf/Did not speak a survey language
6 = Did not fit gender quota
7 = No adults in household
8 = Other (specify)
9997 = Interview was successful

This interview, gender
1 = Male
2 = Female

Q1. Age
-1 = Missing
998 = Refused
999 = Don't know

Q2. Language spoken in home
-1 = Missing
1 = English
3 = Portuguese
700 = Afrikaans
701 = Ndebele
702 = Xhosa
703 = Pedi
704 = Sotho
705 = Tswana
706 = Swazi
707 = Venda
708 = Zulu
709 = Shangaan / Tsonga
9995 = Other
9998 = Refused
9999 = Don't know

Q3. Overall direction of the country
-1 = Missing
1 = Going in the wrong direction
2 = Going in the right direction
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q4a. Country’s present economic condition
-1 = Missing
1 = Very Bad
2 = Fairly Bad
3 = Neither good nor bad
4 = Fairly Good
5 = Very good
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q5. Treated unfairly by government based on economic status
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Sometimes
2 = Often
3 = Always
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q6a. Country’s economic condition compared to 12 months ago
-1 = Missing
1 = Much worse
2 = Worse
3 = Same
4 = Better
5 = Much better
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q7a. How often gone without food
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Just once or twice
2 = Several times
3 = Many times
4 = Always
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q8a-saf. How often had something stolen from home
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes, once
2 = Yes, twice
3 = Yes, three or more times
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q9. Discuss politics
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Occasionally
2 = Frequently
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q10a. Freedom to say what you think
-1 = Missing
1 = Not at all free
2 = Not very free
3 = Somewhat free
4 = Completely free
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q11a. Attend a community meeting
-1 = Missing
0 = No, would never do this
1 = No, would do it if I had the chance
2 = Yes, once or twice
3 = Yes, several times
4 = Yes, often
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q12a. Contact local government councillor
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Only once
2 = A few times
3 = Often
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q12b. Contact MP
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Only once
2 = A few times
3 = Often
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q13. Voting in the most recent national election
-1 = Missing
0 = I did not vote
1 = I was too young to vote
2 = I can’t remember whether I voted
3 = I voted in the election
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t Know

Q14. Freeness and fairness of the last national election
-1 = Missing
1 = Not free and fair
2 = Free and fair, with major problems
3 = Free and fair, but with minor problems
4 = Completely free and fair
8 = Do not understand question
9 = Don’t know
98 = Refused

Q15a. Last national election: attend a campaign rally
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
8 = Refused to Answer
9 = Don't Know

Q15d. Which party contacted: 1st response
-1 = Missing
700 = African National Congress (ANC)
701 = Democratic Alliance (DA)
702 = Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF)
703 = Congress of the People (COPE)
704 = Freedom Front Plus/ Vryheidsfront Plus (VF Plus)
705 = Independent Democrats (ID)
706 = Minority Front (MF)
707 = United Democratic Movement (UDM)
708 = Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
709 = African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP)
710 = National Democratic Convention (NADECO)
711 = New National Party / Nuwe Nasionale Party (NNP)
712 = Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)
713 = United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP)
714 = Africa Muslim Party (AMP)
715 = Azanian People’s Organization (AZAPO)
716 = United Independent Front (UIF)
717 = African Independent Congress
718 = Agang SA
719 = Al Jama-ah
720 = Black first land first (BLF)
721 = First Nation Liberation Alliance
722 = Front Nasionaal
723 = Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa (ICOSA)
724 = Keep It Straight and Simple (KISS)
725 = Kingdom Governance Movement
726 = National Freedom Party (NFP)
727 = Pan Africanist Movement (PAM)
728 = Patriotic Alliance
729 = Peoples Alliance
730 = Ubuntu Party
731 = United Congress
732 = Workers and Socialist Party (WASP)
9995 = Other
9996 = No further response
9997 = Not Applicable
9998 = Refused
9999 = Don’t know

Q16b. Last national election: offered food, gift or money for vote
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Once or twice
2 = Several times
3 = Often
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q17a. Last national election: votes not accurately counted
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = A few times
2 = Often
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q17c. Last national election: powerful find out your vote
-1 = Missing
0 = Not at all likely
1 = Not very likely
2 = Somewhat likely
3 = Very likely
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q17d. Last national election: fear political intimidation or violence
-1 = Missing
0 = A lot
1 = Somewhat
2 = A little bit
3 = Not at all
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q18a. Last national election: police or soldiers assist people to cast ballot
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know / Can’t remember

Q18c. Last national election: announced results reflect counted results
-1 = Missing
1 = Not accurate at all
2 = Not very accurate, with major discrepancies
3 = Mostly accurate, but with some minor discrepancies
4 = Completely accurate
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q19a. Government bans organizations vs. join any
-1 = Missing
1 = Agree very strongly with 1
2 = Agree with 1
3 = Agree with 2
4 = Agree very strongly with 2
5 = Agree with neither
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q20a. Reject one-party rule
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disapprove
2 = Disapprove
3 = Neither Approve Nor Disapprove
4 = Approve
5 = Strongly Approve
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q21. Support for democracy
-1 = Missing
1 = STATEMENT 3: For someone like me, it doesn’t matter what kind of government we have.
2 = STATEMENT 2: In some circumstances, a non-democratic government can be preferable.
3 = STATEMENT 1: Democracy is preferable to any other kind of government.
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q21-saf. Willing to give up regular elections
-1 = Missing
1 = Very willing
2 = Willing
3 = Unwilling
4 = Very unwilling
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q26. Elected officials follow constituent demands vs follow own ideas
-1 = Missing
1 = Agree very strongly with 1
2 = Agree with 1
3 = Agree with 2
4 = Agree very strongly with 2
5 = Agree with neither
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know
997 = Not asked in this country

Q35b. Suggested minimum age for presidential candidate
-1 = Missing
997 = Not applicable
998 = Refused
999 = Don't know

Q36. Extent of democracy
-1 = Missing
1 = Not a democracy
2 = A democracy, with major problems
3 = A democracy, but with minor problems
4 = A full democracy
8 = Do not understand question /do not understand what ‘democracy’ is
9 = Don’t know
98 = Refused

Q37. Satisfaction with democracy
-1 = Missing
0 = The country is not a democracy
1 = Not at all satisfied
2 = Not very satisfied
3 = Fairly satisfied
4 = Very satisfied
8 = Refused
9 = Do not know

Q38a. MPs listen
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Only Sometimes
2 = Often
3 = Always
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q38b. Local government councillors listen
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Only Sometimes
2 = Often
3 = Always
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q39a. Tax authorities have right to enforce taxes
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither Agree Nor Disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly Agree
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q40a. How often party competition leads to conflict
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Rarely
2 = Often
3 = Always
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q41a. Trust president
-1 = Missing
0 = Not at all
1 = Just a little
2 = Somewhat
3 = A lot
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough to say

Q41d. Trust your elected local government council
-1 = Missing
0 = Not at all
1 = Just a little
2 = Somewhat
3 = A lot
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know/Haven’t heard enough to say
99 = Not asked in the country

Q42a. Corruption: office of the Presidency
-1 = Missing
0 = None
1 = Some of them
2 = Most of them
3 = All of them
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know/ Haven’t heard

Q42d. Corruption: local government councillors
-1 = Missing
0 = None
1 = Some of them
2 = Most of them
3 = All of them
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know/ Haven’t heard
99 = Not asked in the country

Q43a. Level of corruption
-1 = Missing
1 = Increased a lot
2 = Increased somewhat
3 = Stayed the same
4 = Decreased somewhat
5 = Decreased a lot
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q43b. Ordinary people can report corruption without fear
-1 = Missing
0 = Can report without fear
1 = Risk retaliation or other negative consequences
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q44b. Difficulty to obtain public school services
-1 = Missing
1 = Very easy
2 = Easy
3 = Difficult
4 = Very Difficult
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q44c. Pay bribe for public school services
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Once or twice
2 = A few times
3 = Often
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q44m. Contact with police in other situations
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Once or twice
2 = A few times
3 = Often
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q45. Higher taxes w/more services vs. lower taxes w/fewer services
-1 = Missing
1 = Agree Very Strongly with Statement 1
2 = Agree with Statement 1
3 = Agree with Statement 2
4 = Agree Very Strongly with Statement 2
5 = Agree with Neither
8 = Refused to answer
9 = Don't know

Q46a. Difficulty finding out what taxes or fees to pay
-1 = Missing
1 = Very easy
2 = Easy
3 = Difficult
4 = Very difficult
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q46c. Taxes for ordinary people: too little, too much, or right amount
-1 = Missing
1 = Far too little
2 = Somewhat too little
3 = About the right amount
4 = Somewhat too much
5 = Far too much
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q47a. Government should ensure informal sector pays taxes
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither Agree or Disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly Agree
8 = Refused to Answer
9 = Don't Know/Haven't heard enough to say

Q48pt1. Most important problems - 1st response
-1 = Missing
0 = Nothing/ no problems
1 = Management of the economy
2 = Wages, incomes and salaries
3 = Unemployment
4 = Poverty/destitution
5 = Rates and Taxes
6 = Loans / credit
7 = Farming/agriculture
8 = Food shortage/famine
9 = Drought
10 = Land
11 = Transportation
12 = Communications
13 = Infrastructure / roads
14 = Education
15 = Housing
16 = Electricity
17 = Water supply
18 = Orphans/street children/homeless children
19 = Services (other)
20 = Health
21 = AIDS
22 = Sickness / Disease
23 = Crime and Security
24 = Corruption
25 = Political violence
26 = Political instability/political divisions/ ethnic tensions
27 = Discrimination/ inequality
28 = Gender issues / women’s rights
29 = Democracy/political rights
30 = War (international)
31 = Civil war
32 = Agricultural marketing
33 = Climate change
700 = COVID-19
701 = Immigration
9995 = Other responses
9998 = Refused
9999 = Don’t know

Q48pt2. Most important problems - 2nd response
-1 = Missing
1 = Management of the economy
2 = Wages, incomes and salaries
3 = Unemployment
4 = Poverty/destitution
5 = Rates and Taxes
6 = Loans / credit
7 = Farming/agriculture
8 = Food shortage/famine
9 = Drought
10 = Land
11 = Transportation
12 = Communications
13 = Infrastructure / roads
14 = Education
15 = Housing
16 = Electricity
17 = Water supply
18 = Orphans/street children/homeless children
19 = Services (other)
20 = Health
21 = AIDS
22 = Sickness / Disease
23 = Crime and Security
24 = Corruption
25 = Political violence
26 = Political instability/political divisions/ ethnic tensions
27 = Discrimination/ inequality
28 = Gender issues / women’s rights
29 = Democracy/political rights
30 = War (international)
31 = Civil war
32 = Agricultural marketing
33 = Climate change
700 = COVID-19
701 = Immigration
9995 = Other responses
9996 = No further reply
9998 = Refused

Q49a. Support more taxes for youth programs
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly oppose
2 = Somewhat oppose
3 = Neither support nor oppose
4 = Somewhat support
5 = Strongly support
6 = It depends
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q49b. Priorities for investment in youth programs
-1 = Missing
0 = None of the above / Some other program
1 = Job creation
2 = Education
3 = Jobs training
4 = Business loans
5 = Social services for youth
6 = Government should not increase it’s spending
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q50a. Handling managing the economy
-1 = Missing
1 = Very Badly
2 = Fairly Badly
3 = Fairly Well
4 = Very Well
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know / Haven’t heard enough to say

Q51a. Performance: President
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disapprove
2 = Disapprove
3 = Approve
4 = Strongly Approve
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know or haven't heard enough to say

Q51c. Performance: local government councillor
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disapprove
2 = Disapprove
3 = Approve
4 = Strongly Approve
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know or haven't heard enough to say
99 = Not asked in the country

Q51d. Performance: traditional leader
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disapprove
2 = Disapprove
3 = Approve
4 = Strongly Approve
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know or haven't heard enough to say
99 = Not asked in the country

Q52a. Who responsible: MPs do jobs
-1 = Missing
0 = The President / Executive
1 = The Parliament / local government council
2 = Their Political Party
3 = The Voters
4 = No One
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q53a. Elections ensure MPs reflect views of voters
-1 = Missing
0 = Not at all well
1 = Not very well
2 = Well
3 = Very well
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
997 = Not asked in this country

Q53b. Elections ensure voters remove unrepresentitive leaders
-1 = Missing
0 = Not at all well
1 = Not very well
2 = Well
3 = Very well
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q53c. Negative consequences if communities don't vote for ruling party
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Rarely
2 = Sometimes
3 = Often
4 = Always
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q54a. Feared violence in neighbourhood
-1 = Missing
0 = No, Never
1 = Yes, feared but didn't experience
2 = Yes, feared and experienced
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q54c. Feared violence by extremists
-1 = Missing
0 = No, never
1 = Yes, feared but didn't experience
2 = Yes, feared and experienced
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q55a. Radio news
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Less than once a month
2 = A few times a month
3 = A few times a week
4 = Every day
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q56. How free is news media
-1 = Missing
0 = Not at all free
1 = Not very free
2 = Somewhat free
3 = Completely free
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q57a. Spread false information: government officials
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Rarely
2 = Sometimes
3 = Often
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know/ Haven’t heard

Q57e. Spread false information: activists and interest groups
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Rarely
2 = Sometimes
3 = Often
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know/ Haven’t heard
997 = Not asked in this country

Q59b. Social media: makes people more informed
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither Agree or Disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly Agree
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused to Answer
9 = Don't Know/Haven't heard enough to say

Q59f. Effects of social media on society
-1 = Missing
1 = Very negative
2 = Somewhat negative
3 = Neither positive nor negative
4 = Somewhat positive
5 = Very positive
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough

Q62. Difficulty to move across borders
-1 = Missing
1 = Very difficult
2 = Difficult
3 = Easy
4 = Very easy
7 = Never try
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough

Q65b. Government required to repay China for loans
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused to Answer
9 = Don't Know

Q65d.China puts more or less conditions on assistance
-1 = Missing
0 = Far fewer requirements
1 = Somewhat fewer requirements
2 = About the same number of requirements
3 = Somewhat more requirements
4 = Many more requirements
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough

Q69a. Best country model for development
-1 = Missing
0 = None of these / There is no role model
1 = United States
2 = China
3 = Former colonial power (Britain)
4 = Rwanda
5 = South Africa
6 = Ethiopia
7 = We should follow our own country’s model
180 = Ghana
300 = Rwanda
301 = Singapore
302 = Tanzania
340 = Botswana
460 = Zambia
500 = Cote d'Ivoire
501 = Arabie Saoudite
620 = KSA
1260 = Japan
1300 = Senegal
1301 = Ivory Coast
1580 = Turkey
1581 = Germany
1700 = RWANDA
1701 = GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE
1750 = France
1751 = Brazil
9995 = Other country
9998 = Refused
9999 = Don’t know

Q69b. China's influence on economy
-1 = Missing
0 = None
1 = A little
2 = Some
3 = A lot
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough

Q70a. Influence of organization: African Union
-1 = Missing
1 = Very negative
2 = Somewhat negative
3 = Neither positive nor negative
4 = Somewhat positive
5 = Very positive
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q70g. Influence of country: regional superpower (Botswana)
-1 = Missing
1 = Very negative
2 = Somewhat negative
3 = Neither positive nor negative
4 = Somewhat positive
5 = Very positive
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q70h. Influence of country: Russia
-1 = Missing
1 = Very negative
2 = Somewhat negative
3 = Neither positive nor negative
4 = Somewhat positive
5 = Very positive
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q71. Most important international language
-1 = Missing
0 = None of these / No international language needed
1 = English
2 = French
3 = Portuguese
4 = Arabic
5 = Chinese
6 = Kiswahili
95 = Other [Specify]
98 = Refused
99 = Don’t know
180 = Mooré
340 = Sesetho
500 = Bambara
780 = Luganda
1750 = Kikongo
1751 = Kimbundo
1752 = Umbundu

Q72b. Climate change: affecting country
-1 = Missing
1 = Much better
2 = Somewhat better
3 = Neither/ no change / about the same
4 = Somewhat worse
5 = Much worse
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know / Haven’t heard enough to say

Q76a-saf. Government duty to provide adequate housing
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither Agree or Disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly Agree
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q76c-saf. Where government housing should be located
-1 = Missing
1 = In rural areas
2 = In or close to the central business district of urban centres
3 = In the suburbs of urban centres
4 = On the outskirts of urban centres
5 = None of these
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q77c-saf. Main cause of domestic violence
-1 = Missing
1 = Cultural and traditional values
2 = Alcohol abuse
3 = Drug abuse
4 = Poverty
5 = Unemployment
6 = Previous exposure to violence
7 = All of the above
8 = None of the above
9 = Don’t know
98 = Refused

Q78a-saf. Have health care insurance or plan
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q78b-saf. Reason for being uninsured
-1 = Missing
1 = You do not need or want coverage
2 = You do not know how to sign up
3 = You cannot find a plan that meets your needs
4 = Available options are too expensive
6 = None of the above
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q78c-saf. Use public or private healthcare facilities
-1 = Missing
1 = Public
2 = Private
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q78d-saf. Happy with public/private health care received
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q79a-saf. Would like if family member married someone from different religion
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly dislike
2 = Somewhat dislike
3 = Would not care
4 = Somewhat like
5 = Strongly like
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q79c-saf. Trust people from other religions
-1 = Missing
0 = Not at all
1 = Just a little
2 = Somewhat
3 = A lot
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q81. Ethnic community, cultural group or tribe
-1 = Missing
700 = Afrikaans / Afrikaner / Boer
701 = Ndebele
702 = Xhosa
703 = Pedi/North Sotho
704 = Sotho/South Sotho
705 = Tswana
706 = Shangaan / Tsonga
707 = Swazi
708 = Venda
709 = Zulu
710 = White / European
711 = Coloured
712 = Indian
9990 = National identity (South African) only, or “doesn’t think of self in those terms”
9995 = Other
9998 = Refused to answer
9999 = Don’t know

Q82a. Ethnic group treated unfairly by government
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Sometimes
2 = Often
3 = Always
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q82b. Ethnic or national identity
-1 = Missing
1 = I feel only (ethnic group)
2 = I feel more (ethnic group) than (national identity)
3 = I feel equally (national identity) and (ethnic group)
4 = I feel more (national identity) than (ethnic group)
5 = I feel only (national identity)
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q83. Most people can be trusted
-1 = Missing
0 = Must be very careful
1 = Most people can be trusted
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q84a. Unfair treatment by other people based on economic status
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Once or twice
2 = Several times
3 = Many times
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q84c. Unfair treatment by other people based on ethnicity
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Once or twice
2 = Several times
3 = Many times
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q85. More that unites or more that divides people
-1 = Missing
1 = Much more that divides us
2 = Somewhat more that divides us
3 = Somewhat more that unites us
4 = Much more that unites us
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q86a. Neighbours: people of different religion
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly dislike
2 = Somewhat Dislike
3 = Would not care
4 = Somewhat like
5 = Strongly like
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q86e. Neighbours: people who support a different political party
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly dislike
2 = Somewhat Dislike
3 = Would not care
4 = Somewhat like
5 = Strongly like
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
997 = Not asked in this country

Q87a. Influence of traditional leaders: governing local community
-1 = Missing
1 = None
2 = A small amount
3 = Some
4 = A lot
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q87e. Traditional leaders more or less influence
-1 = Missing
1 = Decrease a lot
2 = Decrease somewhat
3 = Stay the same
4 = Increase somewhat
5 = Increase a lot
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q88. Who traditional leaders serve
-1 = Missing
0 = Do not agree with any of these statements
1 = Statement 3: Traditional leaders mostly look out for their own personal interests.
2 = Statement 2: Traditional leaders mostly serve the interests of politicians and government officials.
3 = Statement 1: Traditional leaders mostly look out for what is best for the people in their communities.
8 = Refused to answer
9 = Don't know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q89a. Traditional leaders advise on vote vs stay out of politics
-1 = Missing
1 = Agree Very Strongly with Statement 1
2 = Agree with Statement 1
3 = Agree with Statement 2
4 = Agree Very Strongly with Statement 2
5 = Agree with Neither
8 = Refused to answer
9 = Don't know
99 = Not asked in the country

Q89b. Traditional leaders in competition with elected leaders vs cooperation
-1 = Missing
1 = Agree Very Strongly with Statement 1
2 = Agree with Statement 1
3 = Agree with Statement 2
4 = Agree Very Strongly with Statement 2
5 = Agree with Neither
8 = Refused to answer
9 = Don't know
99 = Not asked in the country
997 = Not asked in this country

Q90. Traditional leaders bad or good for democracy
-1 = Missing
1 = Weaken democracy
2 = Don’t make a difference
3 = Strengthen democracy
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know
99 = Not asked in the country

COV-1. Informed about COVID-19
-1 = Missing
0 = Haven't heard of COVID-19
1 = Not at all informed
2 = Not very well informed
3 = Somewhat well informed
4 = Very well informed
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-2. Became ill with COVID-19
-1 = Missing
1 = Yes
2 = No
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-4. Community experience COVID-19 lockdown/curfew
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know
997 = Not asked in this country

COV-5. Ease of compliance with COVID-19 lockdown/curfew
-1 = Missing
0 = Did not comply
1 = Very difficult
2 = Difficult
3 = Neither easy nor difficult
4 = Easy
5 = Very easy
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-6. Lockdown/curfew necessary to limit COVID-19 spread
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neither agree nor disagree
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly agree
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-8. Support school closure due to COVID-19
-1 = Missing
1 = Strongly oppose
2 = Somewhat oppose
3 = Neither support not oppose
4 = Somewhat support
5 = Strongly support
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-9. Length of COVID-19 school closure appropriate
-1 = Missing
1 = Much too long
2 = Somewhat too long
3 = About right length
4 = Somewhat too short
5 = Much too short
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-10. Received COVID-19 relief assistance
-1 = Missing
0 = No
1 = Yes
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-11. COVID-19 relief assistance fairly distributed
-1 = Missing
1 = Very unfairly
2 = Somewhat unfairly
3 = Neither fair nor unfair
4 = Somewhat fairly
5 = Very fairly
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-12. Handling managing COVID-19 response
-1 = Missing
1 = Very badly
2 = Fairly badly
3 = Fairly well
4 = Very well
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-14. Trust govt COVID-19 statistics
-1 = Missing
1 = Not at all
2 = A little bit
3 = Somewhat
4 = A lot
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-15. Level of COVID-19 corruption
-1 = Missing
1 = A lot
2 = Some
3 = A little
4 = None
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-16. Trust govt to ensure safety of COVID-19 vaccine
-1 = Missing
1 = Not at all
2 = Just a little
3 = A little
4 = A lot
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-17. Likelihood of getting COVID-19 vaccination
-1 = Missing
1 = Very unlikely
2 = Somewhat unlikely
3 = Somewhat likely
4 = Very likely
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-18. Prayer more effective than COVID-19 vaccine
-1 = Missing
1 = Much more effective
2 = Somewhat more effective
3 = About the same effectiveness
4 = Somewhat less effective
5 = Much less effective
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-19. Seriousness of COVID-19 over next 6 months
-1 = Missing
1 = Not at all serious
2 = Not very serious
3 = Somewhat serious
4 = Very serious
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

COV-24. Politicians take advantage of COVID-19 pandemic
-1 = Missing
1 = Not at all worried
2 = Not very worried
3 = Somewhat worried
4 = Very worried
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q91a. Close to political party
-1 = Missing
0 = No (does NOT feel close to ANY party)
1 = Yes (feels close to a party)
8 = Refused to answer
9 = Does not know

Q91b. Which party
-1 = Missing
700 = African National Congress (ANC)
701 = Democratic Alliance (DA)
702 = Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF)
703 = Congress of the People (COPE)
704 = Freedom Front Plus/ Vryheidsfront Plus (VF Plus)
705 = Independent Democrats (ID)
706 = Minority Front (MF)
707 = United Democratic Movement (UDM)
708 = Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
709 = African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP)
710 = National Democratic Convention (NADECO)
711 = New National Party / Nuwe Nasionale Party (NNP)
712 = Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)
713 = United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP)
714 = Africa Muslim Party (AMP)
715 = Azanian People’s Organization (AZAPO)
716 = United Independent Front (UIF)
717 = African Independent Congress
718 = Agang SA
719 = Al Jama-ah
720 = Black first land first (BLF)
721 = First Nation Liberation Alliance
722 = Front Nasionaal
723 = Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa (ICOSA)
724 = Keep It Straight and Simple (KISS)
725 = Kingdom Governance Movement
726 = National Freedom Party (NFP)
727 = Pan Africanist Movement (PAM)
728 = Patriotic Alliance
729 = Peoples Alliance
730 = Ubuntu Party
731 = United Congress
732 = Workers and Socialist Party (WASP)
9995 = Other
9997 = Not Applicable
9998 = Refused
9999 = Don't know

Q92a. Own radio
-1 = Missing
0 = No, no one in the household owns
1 = Someone else in household owns
2 = Yes (personally owns)
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q92g. Mobile phone access to internet
-1 = Missing
0 = No (Does not have internet access)
1 = Yes (Have internet)
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't Know

Q92h. How often use a mobile phone
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Less than once a month
2 = A few times a month
3 = A few times a week
4 = Every day
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q93a. Source of water for household use
-1 = Missing
1 = Piped water into dwelling
2 = Piped water into yard, plot or compound
3 = Public tap or standpipe
4 = Tubewell or borehole
5 = Protected dug well
6 = Unprotected dug well
7 = Protected spring
8 = Unprotected spring
9 = Rainwater collection
10 = Bottled water
11 = Purchased from a cart with a small tank or drum
12 = Purchased from a tanker truck
13 = Surface water, like a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation channel
95 = Other
98 = Refused
99 = Don’t know

Q93b. Location of toilet or latrine
-1 = Missing
0 = No, none available
1 = Yes, inside the house
2 = Yes, inside the compound
3 = Yes, outside the compound
8 = Refused to Answer
9 = Don’t know

Q94b. Electricity available from mains
-1 = Missing
1 = Never
2 = Occasionally
3 = About half of the time
4 = Most of the time
5 = All of the time
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q94d. Other source of electricity: type
-1 = Missing
1 = Batteries or power bank
2 = Generator
3 = Solar panels
4 = Wind power
5 = Hydro power
6 = Biogas
95 = Other
96 = Multiple sources
97 = Not Applicable
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Don’t know

Q94e. Other source of electricity: owner
-1 = Missing
1 = Owned by household
2 = Owned outside of household
3 = Get power from sources both within and outside of household
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused to answer
9 = Don’t know

Q95a. Employment status
-1 = Missing
0 = No (not looking)
1 = No (looking)
2 = Yes, part time
3 = Yes, full time
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q95b. Required to pay an income tax
-1 = Missing
0 = No, am not required to pay
1 = Yes, am required to pay
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q95c. Occupation of respondent
-1 = Missing
0 = Never had a job
1 = Student
2 = Housewife / homemaker
3 = Agriculture / farming / fishing / forestry
4 = Trader / hawker / vendor
5 = Retail / Shop
6 = Unskilled manual worker (e.g., cleaner, laborer, domestic help, unskilled manufacturing worker)
7 = Artisan or skilled manual worker (e.g., trades like electrician, mechanic, machinist or skilled manufacturing worker)
8 = Clerical or secretarial
9 = Supervisor / Foreman / Senior Manager
10 = Security services (police, army, private security)
11 = Mid-level professional (e.g., teacher, nurse, mid-level government officer)
12 = Upper-level professional (e.g., banker/finance, doctor, lawyer, engineer, accountant, professor, senior-level government
220 = Retired
700 = Self-employed/Business Owner
1580 = Retired
1700 = RETRAITÉ
9995 = Other
9998 = Refused
9999 = Don’t know

Q95d. Employer of respondent
-1 = Missing
1 = Works for self
2 = Private sector
3 = Non Governmental Organizations or civil society sector
4 = Government
7 = Not Applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don't know

Q96a. Who decides how money is used
-1 = Missing
1 = You make the decisions yourself
2 = Your spouse makes the decisions
3 = You make the decisions jointly with your spouse
4 = You make the decisions jointly with other family members
5 = Other family members make the decisions without you
6 = None of the above / Some other response
7 = Not applicable, no earnings
8 = Refused to Answer
9 = Don’t know

Q96b. Head of household
-1 = Missing
1 = You [respondent]
2 = Respondent’s spouse
3 = Respondent’s father
4 = Respondent’s mother
5 = Respondent’s son
6 = Respondent’s daughter
7 = Respondent’s grandfather
8 = Respondent’s grandmother
9 = Another male relative
10 = Another female relative
11 = Someone else
12 = More than one person
98 = Refused
99 = Don’t know

Q96c. Occupation of head of household
-1 = Missing
0 = Never had a job
1 = Student
2 = Housewife / homemaker
3 = Agriculture / farming / fishing / forestry
4 = Trader / hawker / vendor
5 = Retail / Shop
6 = Unskilled manual worker (e.g., cleaner, laborer, domestic help, unskilled manufacturing worker)
7 = Artisan or skilled manual worker (e.g., trades like electrician, mechanic, machinist or skilled manufacturing worker)
8 = Clerical or secretarial
9 = Supervisor / Foreman / Senior Manager
10 = Security services (police, army, private security)
11 = Mid-level professional (e.g., teacher, nurse, mid-level government officer)
12 = Upper-level professional (e.g., banker/finance, doctor, lawyer, engineer, accountant, professor, senior-level government
95 = Other
97 = Not Applicable
98 = Refused
99 = Don’t know

Q97. Education of respondent
-1 = Missing
0 = No formal schooling
1 = Informal schooling only (including Koranic schooling)
2 = Some primary schooling
3 = Primary school completed
4 = Intermediate school or Some secondary school / high school
5 = Secondary school / high school completed
6 = Post-secondary qualifications, other than university e.g. a diploma or degree from a polytechnic or college
7 = Some university
8 = University completed
9 = Post-graduate
98 = Refused
99 = Don’t know

Q98a. Religion of respondent
-1 = Missing
0 = None
1 = Christian only (i.e., respondents says only “Christian”, without identifying a specific sub-group)
2 = Roman Catholic
3 = Orthodox
4 = Coptic
5 = Anglican
6 = Lutheran
7 = Methodist
8 = Presbyterian
9 = Baptist
10 = Quaker / Friends
11 = Mennonite
12 = Evangelical
13 = Pentecostal (e.g., “Born Again” and/or “Saved”)
14 = Independent (e.g., “African Independent Church”)
15 = Jehovah’s Witness
16 = Seventh Day Adventist
17 = Mormon
18 = Muslim only (i.e., respondents says only “Muslim”, without identifying a specific sub-group)
19 = Sunni only (i.e., respondents says only “Sunni” or “Sunni Muslim”, without identifying a specific sub-group)
20 = Ismaeli
21 = Mouridiya Brotherhood
22 = Tijaniya Brotherhood
23 = Qadiriya Brotherhood
24 = Shia
25 = Traditional / ethnic religion
26 = Hindu
27 = Bahai
28 = Agnostic (Do not know if there is a God)
29 = Atheist (Do not believe in a God)
30 = Dutch Reformed
31 = Calvinist
32 = Church of Christ
33 = Zionist Christian Church
34 = Jewish
9995 = Other
9998 = Refused
9999 = Don't know

Q98b. Religious group treated unfairly by government
-1 = Missing
0 = Never
1 = Sometimes
2 = Often
3 = Always
7 = Not applicable
8 = Refused
9 = Don’t know

Q99. Vote for which party
-1 = Missing
700 = African National Congress (ANC)
701 = Democratic Alliance (DA)
702 = Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF)
703 = Congress of the People (COPE)
704 = Freedom Front Plus/ Vryheidsfront Plus (VF Plus)
705 = Independent Democrats (ID)
706 = Minority Front (MF)
707 = United Democratic Movement (UDM)
708 = Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
709 = African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP)
710 = National Democratic Convention (NADECO)
711 = New National Party / Nuwe Nasionale Party (NNP)
712 = Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)
713 = United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP)
714 = Africa Muslim Party (AMP)
715 = Azanian People’s Organization (AZAPO)
716 = United Independent Front (UIF)
717 = African Independent Congress
718 = Agang SA
719 = Al Jama-ah
720 = Black first land first (BLF)
721 = First Nation Liberation Alliance
722 = Front Nasionaal
723 = Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa (ICOSA)
724 = Keep It Straight and Simple (KISS)
725 = Kingdom Governance Movement
726 = National Freedom Party (NFP)
727 = Pan Africanist Movement (PAM)
728 = Patriotic Alliance
729 = Peoples Alliance
730 = Ubuntu Party
731 = United Congress
732 = Workers and Socialist Party (WASP)
9995 = Other
9997 = Would not vote
9998 = Refused to answer
9999 = Don't know

Q100. Perceived survey sponsor
-1 = Missing
0 = No one
1 = “Afrobarometer" or national partner
2 = Research Company
3 = Non-government or religious organization
4 = University / School / College
5 = Private company
6 = Media
7 = Political party or politician
8 = Government
9 = International organization or another country
10 = God
95 = Other
98 = Refused to answer
99 = Don’t know

Q102. Race of respondent
1 = Black / African
2 = White / European
3 = Coloured / Mixed race
4 = Arab / Lebanese / North African
5 = South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, etc.)
6 = East Asian (Chinese, Korean, Indonesian, etc.)
9995 = Other
9999 = Don't know

Q103. Language of interview
1 = English
700 = Afrikaans
701 = Xhosa
702 = Pedi
703 = Sotho
704 = Tswana
705 = Venda
706 = Zulu
9995 = Other

Q104. Type of shelter of respondent
1 = Non-traditional / formal house
2 = Traditional house / hut
3 = Temporary structure / shack
4 = Flat in a block of flats
5 = Single room in a larger dwelling structure or backyard
7 = Hostel in an industrial compound or farming compound
8 = Other

Q105. Roof of respondent’s home
1 = Metal, aluminum, tin or zinc
2 = Tiles
3 = Shingles
4 = Thatch or grass
5 = Plastic sheets
6 = Asbestos
7 = Multiple materials
8 = Concrete
9 = Some other material
10 = Could not tell / could not see

Q106. Others present
1 = No one
2 = Spouse only
3 = Children only
4 = A few others
5 = Small crowd

Q107a. Check with others
0 = No
1 = Yes

Q108. Proportion difficulty answering
0 = None
1 = Few
2 = Some
3 = Most
4 = All

Q110a. Respondent friendly
1 = Friendly
2 = In between
3 = Hostile

Q110b. Respondent interested
1 = Interested
2 = In between
3 = Bored

Q110c. Respondent cooperative
1 = Cooperative
2 = In between
3 = Uncooperative

Q110d. Respondent patient
1 = Patient
2 = In between
3 = Impatient

Q110e. Respondent at ease
1 = At ease
2 = In between
3 = Suspicious

Q110f. Respondent honest
1 = Honest
2 = In between
3 = Misleading

Q115. Interviewer rural or urban
1 = Rural
2 = Urban
3 = Semi-Urban

Q116. Interviewer's home language
1 = English
3 = Portuguese
700 = Afrikaans
701 = Ndebele
702 = Xhosa
703 = Pedi
704 = Sotho
705 = Tswana
706 = Shangaan / Tsonga
707 = Swazi
708 = Venda
709 = Zulu
9995 = Other

Q117. Interviewer's ethnic group or tribe
701 = Ndebele
702 = Xhosa
703 = Pedi/ North Sotho
704 = Sesotho/ South Sotho
705 = Tswana
706 = Shangaan / Tsonga
707 = Swazi
708 = Venda
709 = Zulu
711 = Coloured
9995 = Other

Q118. Interviewer's education
3 = Primary school completed
4 = Some secondary school / high school
5 = Secondary school / high school completed
6 = Post-secondary qualifications, other than university e.g. a diploma or degree from a polytechnic or college
7 = Some university
8 = University completed
9 = Post graduate

Q119. Other spoken languages_first
1 = English
3 = Portuguese
700 = Afrikaans
701 = Ndebele
702 = Xhosa
703 = Pedi
704 = Sotho
705 = Tswana
706 = Shangaan
707 = Swazi
708 = Venda
709 = Zulu
9995 = Other

Q119. Other spoken languages_second
1 = English
3 = Portuguese
700 = Afrikaans
701 = Ndebele
702 = Xhosa
703 = Pedi
704 = Sotho
705 = Tswana
706 = Shangaan
707 = Swazi
708 = Venda
709 = Zulu
9995 = Other
9996 = No further response